Which of the following examples is considered a minimal risk AI system?

A minimal risk AI system is one that poses little to no risk to individuals or society. In this context, spam filters are classified as a minimal risk AI system because their primary function is to sort and filter emails to reduce unwanted or harmful messages without having significant implications on user privacy, security, or safety. They operate based on predetermined criteria and generally do not collect sensitive personal data or make decisions that could critically impact individuals.

In contrast, other options like emotion recognition systems, chatbots, and real-time biometric identification involve higher levels of sensitivity and potential risks. Emotion recognition systems may infringe on privacy and personal autonomy, as they analyze emotional responses that individuals may not want to be disclosed. Chatbots, while useful, can become a risk if they misinterpret or improperly respond to sensitive inquiries, leading to misinformation. Real-time biometric identification presents the highest risk due to privacy concerns and misuse of sensitive biometric data, which can have serious ethical implications and involve extensive data protection issues. Thus, spam filters are the least concerning within the provided examples, directly aligning with the characteristic of minimal risk.