Which type of bias originates from inaccurate individual judgment?

Cognitive bias is the type of bias that originates from inaccurate individual judgment. This kind of bias refers to systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment, often caused by the mental shortcuts or heuristics that individuals use to make decisions. These mental shortcuts can lead to misinterpretations of data or flawed conclusions based on personal experiences, beliefs, or emotions.

For instance, cognitive biases can influence how people perceive information, assess risks, or remember past events. Such biases might result in overconfidence, anchoring to initial information, or confirmation bias, where individuals favor information that confirms their pre-existing beliefs. Because these biases stem from individual cognition rather than external factors, they can significantly impact decision-making processes, particularly in contexts like AI governance where objective analysis of data is crucial.

The other types of bias, while all relevant in various contexts, do not originate directly from individual cognition in the same way. Computational bias arises from the algorithms and data used in AI systems, selection bias results from the methods used to collect data, and societal bias reflects broader cultural influences, rather than individual thought processes.